【那些年．這一天】〔1966年8月5日．毛澤東撰寫《炮打司令部 — 我的一張大字報》〕

1966年8月5日．毛澤東撰寫《炮打司令部 — 我的一張大字報》
5th August 1966．Mao Zedong writes Bombard The Headquarters – My Big-Character Poster

1958年，毛澤東發起「大躍進」，試圖帶領中國實現高速工業化及農業現代化，甚至「十五年內超英趕美」，成為世界工業強國。可是，運動以失敗告終，中國更陷入「三年困難時期」（1959-1961），毛澤東結果於1960年代初為承擔責任退居二線。

In 1958, Mao Zedong carried out the 'Great Leap Forward'. He aimed at achieving rapid industrialization and agricultural modernization, and made China a world industrial power by 'surpassing Britain and catching up with the US' (chaoying ganmei，超英趕美) in 15 years. However, the movement failed and China faced the 'Three Years of Great Chinese Famine' (1959-1961). In early 1960s, Mao took a back seat in the politics to shoulder the responsibility.

此後，劉少奇及鄧小平等人繼起實際處理黨政事務，並推出「調整」政策以挽救危機。不過，毛澤東堅信「大躍進」的基本方針無誤，劉、鄧等人正讓國家重新走上資本主義的道路（走資），乃欲通過革命鬥爭奪權並帶領國家重返社會主義正軌，最終導致「文化大革命」（Cultural Revolution，1966-1976）的爆發。

Since then, Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping started taking over the party and the government administration, and revising the economic policies to save China from national crisis. Nevertheless, Mao firmly believed that the guiding principle of the 'Great Leap Forward' was correct. He also thought Liu and Deng try to put China on the capitalist road (zouzi，走資). Thus Mao wanted to resume political power and bring China back on the right track of socialist revolution, which resulted in the outbreak of the 'Cultural Revolution' (1966-1976).

1966年5月，「文革」正式展開，部分學生於次月組成「紅衞兵」（Red Guards），誓言捍衛毛思想，嚮應「打碎舊世界」的號召。至1966年8月5日，毛澤東親自撰寫題為《炮打司令部—我的一張大字報》的大字報，不指名批評劉少奇、鄧小平等人（「某些領導同志」）是「資產階級司令部」的「司令」，紅衛兵浪潮自此迅速擴展至全國，劉、鄧等人遭大力聲討與批判，其中劉氏更在1969年底於拘禁中病逝。

In May 1966, the 'Cultural Revolution' started. Some students formed the 'Red Guards' in the next month, claiming to safeguard Maoism and 'smash the old world'. On 5th August 1966, Mao Zedong wrote Bombard The Headquarters – My Big-Character Poster. He criticized some leading comrades (targeting at Liu and Deng) as the 'commanders' of the 'bourgeois headquarters' in this provocative statement. Soon the Red Guard Movement rapidly developed into a national-wide movement. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were denounced and humiliated (pidou，批鬥) publicly, by which Liu died under harsh treatment in late 1969.

在毛澤東強調「造反有理」下，紅衛兵運動越演越烈，四出破壞古跡文物，批鬥武鬥席捲全國，直至1968年底毛氏提出「知青上山下鄉接受再教育」才趨於平息。及後，又有林彪與四人幫的崛起與敗亡，「文革」一直到1976年9月方告結束。總計「文革」歷時長達十年，為中國人民帶來沉重苦難，中共在後來亦將其評定為「浩劫」，導致「黨、國家與人民遭到建國以來最嚴重的挫折及損失」。

The Red Guards went out of control under Mao's slogan of 'Rebellion is justified', they destroyed ancient monuments and fightings broke out everywhere. The movement was not subsided until Mao declared that "the intellectual youth (zhiqing，知青) must be sent to the countryside to have re-education" (known as the 'Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement'，上山下鄉運動) in late 1968. Later, there was the rise and fall of Lin Biao and the 'Gang of Four' (siren bang，四人幫), and the 'Cultural Revolution' finally came to an end in September 1976. The 'Cultural Revolution' had lasted for a total of ten years and brought great suffering to the Chinese. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) even admitted that the ten-year revolution 'was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the state and the people since the founding of the People's Republic'.

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